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1.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 79: e1792, 31 mar. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1489623

ABSTRACT

Ciliated protozoa are an ubiquitous group of eukaryotes that have been poorly reported on leafy greens. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence and diversity of ciliated protozoa in the leaves and roots of three of the most commonly consumed leafy greens in Brazil – lettuce, rocket and coriander. The vegetable samples were washed by manual agitation (3 minutes) in two different media (mineral water and Page ́s Amoeba Saline solution). After washing, the contents were incubated in Petri dishes and aliquots were removed for microscopic identification and in vivo observation. A total of 21 ciliated protozoa species were found, most of which were bacterivorous. Leafy greens have commonly been associated with foodborne outbreaks and ciliated protozoa, which although they are not a Public Health concern, can act as “Trojan Horses” harboring bacteria, viruses and other protozoa cysts and oocysts and can suggest a new route towards microbiological quality related to the food chain. This is the first report of ciliated protozoa on leafy greens consumed in Brazil.


Os protozoários ciliados constituem um grupo onipresente de eucariotos pouco relatados em vegetais folhosos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência e a diversidade de protozoários ciliados nas folhas e raízes de três dos vegetais folhosos mais consumidos no Brasil - alface, rúcula e coentro. As amostras de vegetais foram lavadas por agitação manual (3 minutos) em dois meios diferentes (água mineral e Solução Salina para Ameba). Após a lavagem, o conteúdo foi incubado em placas de Petri e alíquotas foram retiradas para identificação microscópica e observação in vivo dos organismos. Um total de 21 espécies de protozoários ciliados foi encontrado, a maioria das quais era bacterívora. Tais hortaliças têm sido comumente associadas a surtos transmitidos por alimentos e os protozoários ciliados que, embora não sejam um problema de saúde pública, podem atuar como “Cavalos de Tróia” ao abrigar bactérias, vírus além de cistos e oocistos de protozoários o que pode sugerir uma nova rota para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica relacionada à cadeia alimentar. Este é o primeiro relato de protozoários ciliados em folhas verdes consumidas no Brasil.


Subject(s)
Lettuce/microbiology , Brassicaceae/microbiology , Ciliophora , Coriandrum/microbiology , Foodborne Diseases/etiology , Brazil , Food Contamination , Protozoan Infections , Food Safety , Vegetables/microbiology
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(3): 460-465, July-Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001467

ABSTRACT

Abstract The fidelity of the genomes is defended by mechanism known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems. Three Type II CRISPR systems (CRISPR1- cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas) have been identified in enterococci isolates from clinical and environmental samples. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas in non-clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food and fecal samples, including wild marine animals. The presence of CRISPRs was evaluated by PCR in 120 enterococci strains, 67 E. faecalis and 53 E. faecium. It is the first report of the presence of the CRISPRs system in E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from wild marine animal fecal samples. The results showed that in non-clinical strains, the CRISPRs were more frequently detected in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. And the frequencies of CRISPR1-cas and CRISPR2 were higher (60%) in E. faecalis strains isolated from animal feces, compared to food samples. Both strains showed low frequencies of CRISPR3-cas (8.95% and 1.88%). In conclusion, the differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may be related with the results observe in distribution of CRISPRs systems.


Resumo A fidelidade dos genomas ​​é defendida por mecanismos conhecidos como sistemas de repetições palindrômicas curtas agrupadas e regularmente interespaçadas (CRISPRs). Três tipos de sistemas CRISPR II (CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 e CRISPR3-cas) têm sido identificados em cepas de enterococos isolados de amostras clínicas e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a distribuição dos CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 e CRISPR3-cas em cepas não-clínicas de Enterococcus faecalis e Enterococcus faecium isoladas de amostras alimentícias e fecais, incluindo animais marinhos selvagens. A presenca dos CRISPRs foi determinada por PCR em 120 cepas de enterococos, sendo 67 E. faecalis e 53 E. faecium. É o primeiro relato da presença do sistema CRISPRs nas estirpes E. faecalis e E. faecium isoladas de amostras fecais de animais marinhos selvagens. Os resultados mostraram que em cepas não-clínicas, os CRISPRs foram mais frequentemente detectados em E. faecalis do que em E. faecium. E as frequências de CRISPR1-cas e CRISPR2 foram maiores (60%) em cepas de E. faecalis isoladas de fezes de animais, quando comparadas à amostras de alimentos. Ambas as cepas apresentaram baixas freqüências de CRISPR3-cas (8,95% e 1,88%). Em conclusão, as diferenças nos habitats das espécies de enterococos podem estar relacionadas com os resultados observados na distribuição dos sistemas CRISPRs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Enterococcus faecium/genetics , Enterococcus faecalis/genetics , Feces/microbiology , Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats , Food Microbiology , Turtles/microbiology , Vegetables/microbiology , Chickens/microbiology , Dairy Products/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Spheniscidae/microbiology , Fur Seals/microbiology , Meat/microbiology
3.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 2154-2158, abr.-maio 2019. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482289

ABSTRACT

No processamento de hortaliças, a qualidade e segurança dos produtos podem ser afetadas pela contaminação de microrganismos patogênicos. A implantação do programa de boas práticas de fabricação (BPF) seria uma das formas de implementar o controle de qualidade de tais alimentos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação das BPF e análise de qualidade microbiológica em uma agroindústria de processamento de vegetais no município de Volta Redonda-RJ. Foi realizada a aplicação de uma lista de verificação das BPF estabelecida pela Resolução RDC nº 275/2002. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas na água de processamento (coliformes totais e pesquisa qualitativa de Escherichia coli), swab na superfície de equipamentos considerados críticos no processo (mesófilos aeróbios) e de produtos minimamente processados elaborados (coliformes 45°e Salmonella spp). A agroindústria avaliada obteve uma taxa de 73% de itens em conformidade nos requisitos avaliados das BPF. Observa-se que o pior desempenho, foi em relação ao bloco 5 (Registros e documentação), com 100% de não conformidade. Na análise microbiológica, todas as amostras de vegetais analisadas apresentaram-se em acordo com a legislação vigente, o que indica o cumprimento com as BPF. Os padrões microbiológicos para as amostras de água estão de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos segundo a legislação, para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. No entanto, apresentou teores de cloro residual livre em desacordo com a legislação.


Subject(s)
Agribusiness/legislation & jurisprudence , Good Manufacturing Practices , Vegetables/microbiology , Checklist , Food Quality
4.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 2181-2185, abr.-maio 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482295

ABSTRACT

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a condição higiênico–sanitárias de alface e mix de vegetais (alface, acelga e cenoura) minimamente processados comercializados em oito hipermercados de Goiânia, GO. As análises mostras foram analisadas microbiologicamente: Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Termotolerantes, com pesquisa e Escherichia coli, e pesquisa de Salmonella sp. Foi realizada ainda pesquisa de matéria estranha, por técnica de sedimentação. Apenas metades dos hipermercados possuíam hortaliças minimamente processadas próprias para consumo, as demais apresentaram contagens elevadas de microrganismos e presença de matéria estranha. As amostras de dois estabelecimentos tiveram contagens de Coliformes Termotolerantes acima de 1100 NMP/g e com presença de E. coli. Foi observada presença de matéria estranha, como parasitas e insetos, em 62,5% das amostras de alface e 25% das amostras de salada. Os parasitas encontrados foram Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancilostomídeos e Paramecium sp.


Subject(s)
Whole Foods , Food Contamination/analysis , Food Contamination/legislation & jurisprudence , Vegetables/microbiology , Vegetables/parasitology
5.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 49(1): 162-168, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889200

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT For the implementation of cellulosic ethanol technology, the maximum use of lignocellulosic materials is important to increase efficiency and to reduce costs. In this context, appropriate use of the pentose released by hemicellulose hydrolysis could improve de economic viability of this process. Since the Saccharomyces cerevisiae is unable to ferment the pentose, the search for pentose-fermenting microorganisms could be an alternative. In this work, the isolation of yeast strains from decaying vegetal materials, flowers, fruits and insects and their application for assimilation and alcoholic fermentation of xylose were carried out. From a total of 30 isolated strains, 12 were able to assimilate 30 g L-1 of xylose in 120 h. The strain Candida tropicalis S4 produced 6 g L-1 of ethanol from 56 g L-1 of xylose, while the strain C. tropicalis E2 produced 22 g L-1 of xylitol. The strains Candida oleophila G10.1 and Metschnikowia koreensis G18 consumed significant amount of xylose in aerobic cultivation releasing non-identified metabolites. The different materials in environment were source for pentose-assimilating yeast with variable metabolic profile.


Subject(s)
Pentoses/metabolism , Xylose/metabolism , Yeasts/metabolism , Vegetables/microbiology , Xylitol/metabolism , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Yeasts/classification , Yeasts/genetics , Ethanol/metabolism , Fermentation
6.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 49(1): 104-111, Jan.-Mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889207

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing reports on the incidence of fresh vegetables and fruits as a possible vehicle for human pathogens, there is currently limited knowledge on the growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on different plant substrates. This study analyzed the selective adhesion and growth of E. coli O157:H7 on chili habanero (Capsicum chinense L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), and onion (Allium cepa L.) under laboratory conditions. The Gompertz parameters were used to determine the growth kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 on the epicarp of the samples. Predictive models were constructed to compare the growth of E. coli O157:H7 on the samples with different intrinsic factors and to demonstrate the low selectivity of the pathogen. No significant difference was observed in the lag-phase duration (LPD), generation time (GT), and exponential growth rate (EGR) of the pathogen adhered to the samples. The interaction between the microorganism and the substrate was less supportive to the growth of E. coli O157:H7 for onion, whereas for tomato and cucumber, the time for the microorganism to attain the maximum growth rate (M) was significantly longer than that recorded for other samples.


Subject(s)
Vegetables/microbiology , Escherichia coli O157/growth & development , Fruit/microbiology , Capsicum/microbiology , Kinetics , Food Contamination/analysis , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology , Cucumis sativus/microbiology , Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli O157/genetics , Escherichia coli O157/chemistry , Onions/microbiology , Beta vulgaris/microbiology
7.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 48(3): 442-450, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889132

ABSTRACT

Abstract Large quantities of kitchen waste are produced in modern society and its disposal poses serious environmental and social problems. The aim of this study was to isolate degradative strains from kitchen waste and to develop a novel and effective microbial agent. One hundred and four strains were isolated from kitchen waste and the 84 dominant strains were used to inoculate protein-, starch-, fat- and cellulose-containing media for detecting their degradability. Twelve dominant strains of various species with high degradability (eight bacteria, one actinomycetes and three fungi) were selected to develop a compound microbial agent "YH" and five strains of these species including H7 (Brevibacterium epidermidis), A3 (Paenibacillus polymyxa), E3 (Aspergillus japonicus), F9 (Aspergillus versicolor) and A5 (Penicillium digitatum), were new for kitchen waste degradation. YH was compared with three commercial microbial agents-"Tiangeng" (TG), "Yilezai" (YLZ) and Effective Microorganisms (EM), by their effects on reduction, maturity and deodorization. The results showed that YH exerted the greatest efficacy on mass loss which decreased about 65.87% after 14 days. The agent inhibited NH3 and H2S emissions significantly during composting process. The concentration of NH3 decreased from 7.1 to 3.2 ppm and that of H2S reduced from 0.7 to 0.2 ppm. Moreover, E4/E6 (Extinction value460nm/Extinction value665nm) of YH decreased from 2.51 to 1.31, which meant YH had an obvious maturity effect. These results highlighted the potential application of YH in composting kitchen waste.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/metabolism , Vegetables/microbiology , Refuse Disposal/methods , Fungi/metabolism , Vegetables/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental
8.
Braspen J ; 32(1): 3-7, jan.-mar. 2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-847800

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Os frutos e hortaliças são essenciais para o corpo humano como fonte de nutrientes e energia. Apesar do seu comércio ser bastante popular em mercados livres, onde seus preços são mais acessíveis, as condições higiênicas não são adequadas, colocando em risco o consumidor. A cada ano, os surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos aumentam, tornando-se um grande problema de saúde pública. As bactérias destacam-se entre o grupo de microrganismos mais patogênicos aos alimentos, podendo infectá-los desde a fabricação até a venda, se as medidas higiênicas não forem tomadas de maneira correta e se o ambiente for propício à multiplicação. Objetivo: Analisar frutas e hortaliças provenientes de mercados públicos e privados de Juazeiro do Norte, CE, avaliando a presença de microrganismos em meio Ágar Sangue, EMB, Sabouraud e Ágar BHI. Método: Estudo de caráter analítico descritivo, sendo avaliadas a presença ou ausência de microrganismos nas superfícies dos frutos e hortaliças. Estas amostras foram randomizadas e obtidas diretamente das superfícies dos alimentos comercializados nos mercados públicos e privados. As coletas foram realizadas em 20 frutos e 30 hortaliças, totalizando 50 amostras. Resultados: Tanto nos mercados públicos como privados, houve crescimento bacteriano e fúngico, destacando-se a Eschechiria coli. Também foi identificada a contaminação por Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus sp. Além disso, foi constatada a presença de bactérias e crescimento de fungos em todas as amostras. Conclusão: Em função da presença desses microrganismos, é possível alertar sobre cuidados que devem ser tomados na hora da compra do alimento, para que possa evitar surtos de doenças e, assim, garantir a saúde da população.


Introduction: Fruits and vegetables are essential for the human body as a source of nutrients and energy. Although its trade is very popular in free markets, where its prices are more affordable, the hygienic conditions are not adequate, thus putting at risk the consumer. Each year, outbreaks of foodborne illnesses increase, becoming a major public health problem. Bacteria stand out among the group of microorganisms most pathogenic to food, and can infect them from manufacturing to sale if the hygienic measures are not done correctly and if the environment is conducive to multiplication. Objective: To analyze fruits and vegetables from public and private markets, from Juazeiro do Norte, CE, evaluating the presence of microorganisms in Blood Agar, EMB, Sabouraud and BHI Agar. Methods: The study is analytical descriptive, being evaluated the presence or absence of microorganisms on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables. These samples were randomized and obtained directly from the surfaces of fruits and vegetables from public and private markets. Twenty fruits and 30 vegetables were assessed, totaling 50 samples. Results: In both public and private markets, there was bacterial and fungal growth, especially Eschechiria coli. Contamination by Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. In addition, bacteria and fungi growth were observed in all samples. Conclusion: The presence of these microorganisms makes it possible to alert about the care that should be taken when buying food, so that it can prevent disease outbreaks and thus guarantee the health of the population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vegetables/microbiology , Food Hygiene/standards , Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control , Fruit/microbiology , Specimen Handling/instrumentation , Epidemiology, Descriptive
9.
Hig. aliment ; 30(258/259): 92-96, 30/08/2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2616

ABSTRACT

A vida moderna imprimiu um ritmo acelerado ao cotidiano dos indivíduos, causando mudanças nos hábitos de vida e alimentares, aumentando a procura por serviços de alimentação coletiva, como restaurantes do tipo self service. Quando se trata desse tipo de sistema de distribuição, o risco de toxinfecções alimentares aumenta, pois os alimentos ficam submetidos a uma série de oportunidades de contaminação microbiana devido ao grande número de pessoas envolvidas nas áreas de exposição e consumo. No presente estudo, 18 amostras de vegetais crus (alface, cenoura e pepino), de 6 restaurantes do tipo self service situados no município de Alfenas - MG, foram analisadas com o objetivo de avaliar a sua qualidade higienicossanitária. Foi verificada a presença de coliformes a 35ºC nas 18 (100%) amostras analisadas, sendo que em 6 (33,3%) das amostras os índices estão acima do tolerado. Os valores de coliformes a 45ºC atendem à legislação vigente em todas as amostras analisadas, sendo o Número Mais Provável < 3, permitido pela RDC nº 12. Não houve resultado positivo para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva nas amostras analisadas. Na contagem padrão em placas (bactérias aeróbias mesófilas), os valores variaram entre 1x10³ a 5,4x106 UFC/g. Na pesquisa de Salmonella sp, 7 (38,8%) deram resultado positivo, estando fora dos padrões de acordo com a RDC nº 12, que estabelece para hortaliças in natura a ausência de Salmonella sp em 25g de produto. Estes resultados revelam um elevado percentual de amostras impróprias para o consumo, pela presença de micro-organismos acima dos valores máximos permitidos pela legislação brasileira e evidenciam a necessidade de medidas preventivas com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade higienicossanitária das preparações de vegetais crus servidas nestes estabelecimentos.


Modern life printed a fast pace to the daily life of individuals, causing changes in dietary and living habits, increasing the demand for services of collective power, as self service type restaurants. When it comes to this type of delivery system, the risk of food toxinfecções increases, because the foods are subjected to a series of opportunities for microbial contamination due to the large number of people involved in the areas of exposure and consumption. In the present study, 18 samples of raw vegetables (lettuce, carrot and cucumber), of 6 restaurants self service type located in the municipality of Alfenas, MG were analyzed in order to assess their hygienic quality. It was verified the presence of coliforms to 35ºc in 18 (100%) of the samples analysed, and in 6 (33.3%) samples the indexes are above the tolerated. The values of coliforms to 45º C meet the current legislation in all samples analyzed, being the most probable number 3, permitted by RDC No. 12. There was no positive result for coagulase positive Staphylococcus in the samples analyzed. Default count on plates (aerobic mesophilic bacteria), the values ranged from 1x10³ a 5,4x106 UFC/g. In the survey of Salmonella sp, 7 (38.8%) gave a positive result to the same, being off the charts according to RDC No. 12, which provides for fresh vegetables the absence of Salmonella sp in 25 g of product. These results reveal a high percentage of samples unfit for consumption by the presence of micro-organisms above the maximums allowed by Brazilian law and demonstrate the need for preventive measures with the purpose to improve the hygienic quality of preparations of vegetables served in these establishments.


Subject(s)
Restaurants , Vegetables/microbiology , Raw Foods/microbiology , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Food Samples , Food Contamination , Coliforms , Food Services
10.
Hig. aliment ; 30(258/259): 155-158, 30/08/2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2632

ABSTRACT

A Organização Mundial da Saúde alerta sobre a grande quantidade de doenças parasitárias na população mundial e comenta que uma das fontes de infecção humana é através da ingestão de alimentos contaminados. A Giardia lamblia é um protozoário que pode ser transmitido através do consumo de hortaliças contaminadas, quando produzidas e comercializadas de forma inadequada. A contaminação desses produtos pode ocorrer durante o seu cultivo ou na sua venda em mercados e feiras, quando manipulada por vendedores infectados. O objetivo desse estudo foi coletar alfaces (Lactuva sativa) comercializadas nos municípios de Chapecó e Xanxerê, Santa Catarina e identificar a presença de Giardia lamblia nas mesmas. Foram coletadas 33 amostras e posteriormente processadas através da técnica de Faust e col. para a detecção de Giardia lamblia. Das 33 amostras, em 18,18% (6/33) detectou-se a presença de cistos do protozoário. Um manejo correto da adubação e da irrigação utilizados para o cultivo das hortaliças e uma boa manipulação dos mesmos, garante um alimento de alta qualidade e evita prejuízos à saúde pública, evitando dessa forma a presença de zoonoses, como a Giardíase, que afeta principalmente crianças e pessoas imunossuprimidas.


The World Health Organization warns of the large amount of parasitic diseases in the world population and said that one of the main sources of human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated vegetables, when produced and marketed improperly. The contamination of these products can occur during cultivation or in sale, in markets and fairs, when manipulated by infected sellers. The aim of this work were collect lettuces (Lactuva sativa) marketed in Chapecó and Xanxerê municipalities, Santa Catarina State, Brazil and to check the presence of Giardia lamblia under the same. Thirty three samples were collected and then processed through the Faust et al. technique for the detection of Giardia lamblia. Of the 33 samples, 18.18% (6/33) were positive for the presence of protozoan cysts. Proper management of fertilization and irrigation used for the cultivation of vegetables and a good handling them ensures a high quality food and prevents damage to public health; what prevents the presence of zoonoses such as giardiasis, which mainly affects children and immunosuppressed people.


Subject(s)
Vegetables/microbiology , Crop Production , Food Contamination/analysis , Giardia lamblia/isolation & purification , Food Microbiology , Food Samples , Lettuce
11.
Hig. aliment ; 30(256/257): 123-127, maio/junho 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1679

ABSTRACT

O consumo de saladas tem aumentado significantemente em todo o mundo, por causa do aumento da população, pela mudança nos hábitos alimentares e a preocupação do consumidor em relação à saúde. As hortaliças consumidas como salada são ricas em sais minerais e vitaminas, por isso podem estar contaminadas com micro-organismos patógenos e estão frequentemente relacionadas a doenças de origem alimentar em todo mundo. A legislação brasileira em vigor estabelece limites microbiológicos, para hortaliças in natura, de coliformes a 45ºC e Salmonella. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade microbiológica de diferentes saladas servidas em restaurantes e fast foods da cidade de Campinas-SP e região. Foram avaliadas 24 amostras de saladas: 3 de alface, 3 de tomate, 3 de agrião, 3 de cenoura, 3 de beterraba (1 crua e 2 cozidas), 3 de pepino e 6 de salada mista de diferentes restaurantes e fast foods no período de maio a junho de 2013. As amostras foram submetidas às análises microbiológicas de Salmonella, coliformes a 35 e 45ºC, E. coli, aeróbios mesófilos totais e fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Nenhuma amostra estava contaminada com Salmonella, porém foi verificada a presença de outros micro-organismos: Citrobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp e Pseudomonas sp. Coliformes a 45ºC estavam presentes em 13 amostras (54,16%) e apresentaram valores acima do permitido pela legislação (10² UFC/g), consideradas impróprias para o consumo. Em relação aos coliformes a 35ºC, 18 amostras (75%) apresentaram contagens acima de 1,1x103UFC/g, e mesmo não sendo uma análise contemplada pela legislação, sua presença indica condições de higiene insatisfatórias. A presença de E. coli foi observada em 14 amostras (58,33%), e destas, 2 (14,28%) com contagens acima de 1,2x102NMP/g, representando risco à saúde dos consumidores. Contagem total de aeróbios mesófilos e fungos filamentosos e leveduras foram observadas em todas as amostras variando entre 103 a 106UFC/g o que mostra que o processo de higienização desses vegetais foi deficiente e até mesmo houve excesso de manipulação durante o preparo. Para diminuir a quantidade de micro-organismos presentes nas saladas, boas práticas de manipulação devem ser adotadas nos restaurantes e fast foods e assim evitar possíveis surtos alimentares.


Consumption of salads has increased significantly worldwide, because of increasing population, the change in eating habits and consumer concern about health. The vegetables consumed as salad are rich in minerals and vitamins, so it may be contaminated with pathogens microorganisms and are often related to foodborne diseases worldwide. The Brazilian legislation, RDC 12/2001 establishes microbiological limits for fresh vegetables for coliforms at 45°C and Salmonella. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of different salads served in restaurants and fast foods in Campinas-SP city and region. 24 salad samples were evaluated: 3 lettuce, 3 tomatoes, 3 watercress, 3 carrots, 3 beet (1 raw and 2 cooked), 3 cucumber and 6 mixed salad of different restaurants and fast foods in the period of May to June 2013. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis of Salmonella, coliforms at 35 and 45°C, E. coli, aerobic mesophilic and filamentous fungi and yeast. No sample was contaminated with Salmonella, but it was verified the presence of other microorganisms: Citrobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp and Pseudomonas sp. Coliforms at 45°C were present in 13 samples (54.16%) and showed higher values than those permitted by law (10² CFU/g), deemed unfit for consumption. Regarding coliforms at 35°C, 18 samples (75%) presented counts above 1,1x103 UFC/0g, and although this analysis is not contemplated by the legislation, their presence indicates unsatisfactory hygiene conditions. The presence of E. coli was found in 14 samples (58.33%), and of these, two (14.28%) with counts above 1,2x102 NMP/g, representing a risk to consumer health. Total count of mesophilic aerobic and filamentous fungi and yeasts were observed in all samples ranging from 103 to 106 UFC/g shows that the process of cleaning was poor and there was even excessive handling during preparation. To decrease the amount of microorganisms present in salads, good handling practices should be adopted in restaurants and fast foods and thus avoid possible food outbreaks.


Subject(s)
Vegetables/microbiology , Food Contamination/analysis , Raw Foods , Food Microbiology , Restaurants , Brazil , Food Samples , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Coliforms , Fast Foods
12.
Hig. aliment ; 30(256/257): 132-136, maio/junho 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1701

ABSTRACT

Esta pesquisa visou avaliar a eficiência do cloro na sanitização de vegetais folhosos usados em saladas cruas. Foram utilizadas 24 amostras de folhosos diversos, sendo 12 coletadas após lavagem em água corrente e 12 após a sanitização com solução de cloro na concentração de 200 ppm por imersão durante 15 minutos. As amostras foram transferidas para o laboratório e imediatamente submetidas à análise de Coliformes totais, por meio da técnica de Tubos múltiplos, a fim de determinar o Número Mais Provável de Coliformes totais por grama de amostra (NMP/g), conforme metodologia estabelecida por AOAC. Os resultados obtidos em todas as amostras demonstraram redução da concentração de Colifomes após os folhosos serem submetidos à sanitização com cloro, havendo situações nas quais o NMP de Coliformes foi reduzido a um limite superior à detecção do método. Diante dos resultados pode-se concluir que o cloro apresenta eficiência para sanitização de folhosos.


This research has the purpose to evaluate the efficiency of chlorine in the leafy vegetables used in raw salads. There were used 24 samples of several leafy, 12 samples collected after washed in running water an 12 after sanitizing with chlorine solution at 200ppm concentration by immersion during 15 minutes. The samples were transferred for the lab and promptly submitted to coliforms analysis by the multiple tubs technique, with the purpose to find out the most probable number of total coliforms by gram of sample (NMP/g) accordingly established methodology by AOAC. The results obtained in all the samples showed a reduction in the concentration of coliforms after leafs were submitted to sanitizing in chlorine, there were situation in which the NMP of coliforms was reduced to a superior limit to the method detection. With the results its possible to concluded that chorine show sanitizing efficiency for leafs.


Subject(s)
Vegetables/microbiology , Food Contamination/prevention & control , Chlorine/administration & dosage , Disinfection/methods , Raw Foods , Food Samples , Coliforms , Multiple Tube Method
13.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 47(2): 438-443, Apr.-June 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-780817

ABSTRACT

Abstract Although the consumption of fresh and minimally processed vegetables is considered healthy, outbreaks related to the contamination of these products are frequently reported. Among the food-borne pathogens that contaminate vegetables is Listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitous organism that exhibits the ability to survive and multiply at refrigerated temperatures. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in vegetables as well as the antimicrobial resistance of isolates. The results showed that 3.03% of samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, comprising 2.22% of raw vegetables and 5.56% of ready-to-eat vegetables. Multiplex PCR confirmed the virulence potential of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance profiling showed that 50% of the isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics used. The resistance of one isolate to penicillin G, a commonly employed therapeutic agent, and the presence of serotype 4b, a serotype commonly associated with food-borne outbreaks, could be potential health hazards for consumers.


Subject(s)
Vegetables/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Listeria monocytogenes/drug effects , Food Contamination/analysis , Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
14.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 37(1)2016. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-963612

ABSTRACT

The production and preparation of vegetables for consumption involve procedures that pose health risks to consumers. In this context the water plays an important role in the quality of minimally processed vegetables. We assessed the hygienic-sanitary quality of leafy vegetables and obtained data of interest to health surveillance agencies and public health. They were tested for the presence of total and faecal coliforms, and also parasitic protozoa and helminths. The vegetable samples were purchased in supermarkets of the Midwest of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. We performed bacteriological analyses of wash water samples using chromogenic substrates to obtain the most probable number of the coliform group at 35 °C and Escherichia coli. We used Hoffman's spontaneous sedimentation technique for the parasitological analysis in order to check the occurrence of heavy and light helminths eggs and protozoan cysts. The analyses indicated the presence of coliforms, nematodes and freeliving protozoa, except for the last wash. We concluded that the washing process using running water and no active chlorine was not efficient in reducing the load of microorganisms in the vegetables. Therefore, intensive educational programmes should be implemented by health authorities to encourage hygienic-sanitary practices and risk reduction of food-borne diseases.(AU)


Subject(s)
Vegetables/parasitology , Water/physiology , Coliforms/analysis , Sodium Hypochlorite/therapeutic use , Vegetables/microbiology
17.
Hig. Aliment. (Online) ; 29(244/245): 103-108, maio-jun. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1481787

ABSTRACT

As mudanças nos hábitos alimentares dos consumidores, a busca por alimentos mais saudáveis, resultaram em aumento na demanda de frutas e hortaliças frescas e minimamente processadas. Na cadeia de processamento destes alimentos, há riscos de contaminação por micro-organismos deterioradores e patogênicos em diversos pontos. Assim, o controle microbiológico torna-se essencial considerando que há relatos na literatura de surtos envolvendo consumo de frutas e hortaliças com patógenos. Isto evidencia que o controle microbiológico ainda é um desafio para a indústria de alimentos. A principal peculiaridade associada à adaptação de patógenos em produtos vegetais é o desenvolvimento de biofilmes. Patógenos incorporados nesses biofilmes podem ser protegidos da etapa de lavagem e servir como possível troca de elementos genéticos de resistência. Regiões cortadas e, ou danificadas de superfícies são sítios potenciais para a formação de biofilmes, o que contribui para a redução da efetividade dos sanitizantes, já que bactérias aglomeradas em biofilmes são menos influenciadas pelas soluções do que as células livres. A capacidade de adesão de micro-organismos patogênicos, como Salmonella sp.,Listeria e Escherichia coli, a superfície de frutas e hortaliças, mostra a necessidade de estudos e de desenvolvimento de novas estratégias que colaborem para a segurança microbiológica do produto que chega ao consumidor.


Changes in eating habits of consumers, the search for healthier foods have resulted in increased demand for fresh fruits and vegetables and minimally processed. In the chain of processing these foods, there are risks of contamination by spoilage micro-organisms and pathogens at various points. Thus, microbial control is essential considering that there are published reports of outbreaks involving consumption of fruits and vegetables with pathogens. This demonstrates that microbial control is still a challenge for the food industry. The main peculiarity associated with the adaptation of pathogens in plant products is the development of biofilms. Pathogens embodied in biofilms can be protected from the washing step and can serve as an exchange of genetic elements of resistance. Regions and cut or damaged surfaces are potential sites for the formation of biofilm, which contributes to reducing the effectiveness of sanitizers, as agglomerated bacteria in biofilms are less influenced by the solution of free cells. The adhesion of pathogenic micro-organisms such as Salmonella spp., Listeria spp. and Escherichia coli, the surface of fruits and vegetables, shows the need to study and develop new strategies to collaborate for the microbiological safety of the product reaches the consumer.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Adhesion , Biofilms , Fruit/microbiology , Food Safety/methods , Vegetables/microbiology , Escherichia coli , Listeria , Salmonella
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